<html xmlns:v="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:vml" xmlns:o="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" xmlns:w="urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:word" xmlns:m="http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/2004/12/omml" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40"><head><meta http-equiv=Content-Type content="text/html; charset=us-ascii"><meta name=Generator content="Microsoft Word 15 (filtered medium)"><style><!--
/* Font Definitions */
@font-face
{font-family:Wingdings;
panose-1:5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0;}
@font-face
{font-family:"Cambria Math";
panose-1:2 4 5 3 5 4 6 3 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:Calibri;
panose-1:2 15 5 2 2 2 4 3 2 4;}
@font-face
{font-family:Consolas;
panose-1:2 11 6 9 2 2 4 3 2 4;}
/* Style Definitions */
p.MsoNormal, li.MsoNormal, div.MsoNormal
{margin:0in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;}
a:link, span.MsoHyperlink
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:#0563C1;
text-decoration:underline;}
a:visited, span.MsoHyperlinkFollowed
{mso-style-priority:99;
color:#954F72;
text-decoration:underline;}
p.MsoListParagraph, li.MsoListParagraph, div.MsoListParagraph
{mso-style-priority:34;
margin-top:0in;
margin-right:0in;
margin-bottom:0in;
margin-left:.5in;
margin-bottom:.0001pt;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;}
p.msonormal0, li.msonormal0, div.msonormal0
{mso-style-name:msonormal;
mso-margin-top-alt:auto;
margin-right:0in;
mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto;
margin-left:0in;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;}
span.EmailStyle19
{mso-style-type:personal-compose;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
color:windowtext;}
.MsoChpDefault
{mso-style-type:export-only;
font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;}
@page WordSection1
{size:8.5in 11.0in;
margin:1.0in 1.0in 1.0in 1.0in;}
div.WordSection1
{page:WordSection1;}
/* List Definitions */
@list l0
{mso-list-id:111217075;
mso-list-template-ids:-1436511912;}
@list l0:level1
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:\F0B7;
mso-level-tab-stop:.5in;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l0:level2
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:\F0B7;
mso-level-tab-stop:1.0in;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l0:level3
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:\F0B7;
mso-level-tab-stop:1.5in;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l0:level4
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:\F0B7;
mso-level-tab-stop:2.0in;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l0:level5
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:\F0B7;
mso-level-tab-stop:2.5in;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l0:level6
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:\F0B7;
mso-level-tab-stop:3.0in;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l0:level7
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:\F0B7;
mso-level-tab-stop:3.5in;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l0:level8
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:\F0B7;
mso-level-tab-stop:4.0in;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l0:level9
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:\F0B7;
mso-level-tab-stop:4.5in;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
mso-ansi-font-size:10.0pt;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l1
{mso-list-id:1491168418;
mso-list-type:hybrid;
mso-list-template-ids:418302698 1618110990 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693 67698689 67698691 67698693;}
@list l1:level1
{mso-level-start-at:0;
mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:-;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
font-family:"Calibri",sans-serif;
mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri;}
@list l1:level2
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
font-family:"Courier New";}
@list l1:level3
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:\F0A7;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l1:level4
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:\F0B7;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l1:level5
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
font-family:"Courier New";}
@list l1:level6
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:\F0A7;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
font-family:Wingdings;}
@list l1:level7
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:\F0B7;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
font-family:Symbol;}
@list l1:level8
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:o;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
font-family:"Courier New";}
@list l1:level9
{mso-level-number-format:bullet;
mso-level-text:\F0A7;
mso-level-tab-stop:none;
mso-level-number-position:left;
text-indent:-.25in;
font-family:Wingdings;}
ol
{margin-bottom:0in;}
ul
{margin-bottom:0in;}
--></style><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1026" />
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapelayout v:ext="edit">
<o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1" />
</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--></head><body lang=EN-US link="#0563C1" vlink="#954F72"><div class=WordSection1><p class=MsoNormal>I want to share a little bit of our journey in tracking down the TCP RSTs that impacted some of our customers for almost ten weeks.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Almost immediately after we turned up two new Arista border routers in late July we started receiving a trickle of complaints from customers regarding their inability to access certain websites (mostly B2B). All the packet captures showed the standard TCP SYN/SYN-ACK pair, then a TCP RST from the website after the client sent a TLS/SSL Client Hello. As the reports continued to come in, we built a Google Doc to keep track and it became clear that most of the sites were hosted by Incapsula/Imperva, but there were also a few by Sucuri and Fastly. Knowing that Incapsula provides DoS protection, we attempted to work with them (providing websites, source/destination IPs, traceroutes, and packet captures) to find out why their hosts were issuing our customers a TCP RST, but we made little progress. We moved some of the affected customers to different IP addresses but that didn’t resolve the issue. We also asked our customer to work with the website to see if they would be willing to open a ticket with Incapsula. In the meantime, customers were getting frustrated! They couldn’t visit Incapsula-hosted healthcare websites, financial firms, product dealers, etc. Over the weeks, a few of those customers purchased/borrowed different routers and some of those didn’t have website issues anymore. And more than a few of them discovered that the websites worked fine from home or their mobile phone/hotspot, but not from their Internet connection with us. You can guess where they were applying pressure! That said, we didn’t know why a small handful of companies, known for DoS protection, were issuing TCP RSTs to just some of our customers. <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Earlier this week we received four or five more websites from yet another affected customer, but most of those were with Fastly. By this time, we had been able to replicate the issue in our lab. Feeling desperate to make some tangible progress on this issue, I reached out to the Fastly NOC. In less than 12 hours they provided some helpful feedback, pointing out that a single traceroute to a Fastly site was hitting two of their POPs (they use anycast) and because they don’t sync state between POPs the second POP would naturally issue a TCP RST (sidebar: fascinating blog article on Fastly’s infrastructure here: <a href="https://www.fastly.com/blog/building-and-scaling-fastly-network-part-2-balancing-requests">https://www.fastly.com/blog/building-and-scaling-fastly-network-part-2-balancing-requests</a>). In subsequent email exchanges, the Fastly NOC suggested that it appeared that we were “spraying flows” (that is, packets related to single client session were egressing our network via different paths). Because Fastly is also present with us at an IX (though they weren’t advertising their anycast IPs at the time), they suggested that we look at how our traffic egresses our network (IX versus transit) and our routers’ outbound load-balancing/hashing schemes.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>The IX turned up to be a red herring, so I turned my attention to our transit. Each of our border routers has two BGP sessions over two circuits to transit provider POP A and two BGP sessions over two circuits to transit provider POP B, for a total of four BGP sessions per border router, a total of eight BGP sessions altogether. Starting with our core router, I confirmed that its ECMP hashing was consistent such that Fastly-bound traffic always went to border router 1 or border router 2. Then I looked at the ECMP hashing scheme on our border routers and noticed something unique – by default Arista also uses TTL:<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Consolas'>IPv4 hash fields:<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Consolas'> Source IPv4 Address is ON<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Consolas'> Protocol is ON<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Consolas'> Time-To-Live is ON<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-size:9.0pt;font-family:Consolas'> Destination IPv4 Address is ON<o:p></o:p></span></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Since the source and destination IPs and protocol weren’t changing, perhaps the TTL was not consistent? I opened the first packet trace in Wireshark and jackpot – the TTL value was 128 on the SYN but 127 on the TLS/SSL Client Hello. I adjusted the Arista’s load-balancing profile not to use TTL and immediately my MTR in the background changed and all the sites on the lab machine that couldn’t load before … were now loading.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Fastly also pointed me to another article written by Joel Jaeggli (<a href="https://blog.apnic.net/2018/01/11/ipv6-flow-label-misuse-hashing/">https://blog.apnic.net/2018/01/11/ipv6-flow-label-misuse-hashing/</a>) that discusses IPv6 flow labels – we removed that from the border routers’ IPv6 hash fields, too.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>I reviewed the packet traces today and noticed that TTL values remained consistent at 128 *<b>behind</b>* the router CPE. In packet captures on the WAN interface of the router CPE I see that the SYN remains at 128, but the TLS/Client Hello is properly decremented to 127. So, it appears that some router CPE (and there were a variety of makes and models) are doing something special to certain packets and not decrementing the TTL. <o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>This explains why:<o:p></o:p></p><ul style='margin-top:0in' type=disc><li class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-left:0in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3'>our customers had issues with all their devices behind their router CPE<o:p></o:p></li><li class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-left:0in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3'>the issue remained regardless of what public IP address their router CPE obtained via DHCP or was assigned<o:p></o:p></li><li class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-left:0in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3'>some customers who changed their router CPE didn’t have the issue anymore – they got lucky with a router that doesn’t adjust/reset the TTL<o:p></o:p></li><li class=MsoListParagraph style='margin-left:0in;mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3'>why customers who used our managed Wi-Fi router did not see the issue, because that model doesn’t apparently manipulate the TTL, at least not in an inconsistent way.<o:p></o:p></li></ul><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Lesson learned: review a device’s hashing mechanism before going into production.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>For those interested, I have links to the packet traces below my signature, showing the inconsistent TTL values.<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Thanks again to the fantastic group of folk at the Fastly NOC who so ably pointed us in the right direction!<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal>Frank<o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><o:p> </o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><a href="https://www.premieronline.net/~fbulk/example1.pcapng">https://www.premieronline.net/~fbulk/example1.pcapng</a><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><a href="https://www.premieronline.net/~fbulk/example2.pcapng">https://www.premieronline.net/~fbulk/example2.pcapng</a><o:p></o:p></p><p class=MsoNormal><a href="https://www.premieronline.net/~fbulk/example3.pcapng">https://www.premieronline.net/~fbulk/example3.pcapng</a><o:p></o:p></p></div></body></html>